散文 《河谷平原上的古村落何店》楼洪民
<!----><style type="text/css">html{font-size:375%}</style><link href="https://pics-app.cnyw.net/static/publish/css/style.css?v=20240712" rel="stylesheet" position="1" data-qf-origin="/static/publish/css/style.css?v=20240712"><!-- 付费贴--> <div class="preview_article "> <!----> <p> 河谷平原上的古村落何店</p><p> 楼洪民</p><p> </p><p> 我听说过何店，但从没到过何店。</p><p> 昨天上午到何店采风，走了一大圈，所见所闻，却让我刮目相看。</p><p> 长长的义乌江上，有一处半月湾的地方，丰水期的江面，非常地宽阔，风景很独特，很秀丽，很好看。</p><p> 它就是处在义乌江，铜溪水汇合处，何店村口古码头，古渡口的地方。</p><p> </p><p> 溪江交汇水泱泱，</p><p> 一弯清碧半月长。</p><p> 古陶码头留旧事，</p><p> 何店江边好风光。</p><p> </p><p> 北宋宣和年间，山东磁州州判何仕英（1115一1191）字之彦，因父亲蒙难，为躲避朝廷降祸株连，在遇方腊起义兵荒马乱之时，携带家眷逃难南下到义乌西仓，隐姓改名，后生下三个儿子。</p><p> 次子何继贤，早年家宅遭遇火灾，先祖托梦指路，在寻找新地方时，遇见义乌江干流与铜溪支流在此相拥交汇，双水合流、碧波浩荡，江面开阔，江水半月形西流，两岸沃野平坦、林木葱茏，一派钟灵毓秀的江南盛景，心中十分欣喜。</p><p> 他熟读古籍，深谙古代堪舆风水之道，恪守 “东青龙，南朱雀，西白虎，北玄武” 的传统选址理念，观看附近山川地势，最终相中北面的柯山玄武山，作为天然靠山。</p><p> 此山山势矮岗绵延起伏，轮廓灵动舒展，昂首探江，形态酷似地龙昂首盘踞，气韵磅礴、藏风聚气，属难得的风水宝地，是个子孙落脚谋生的好地方。</p><p> 于是，何继贤太公出钱买下了这里一大片有山有水有田的土地，择吉日定居于灵秀天成的柯山脚下，从此开启了何店村千年繁衍生息的序幕。</p><p> 从墙体画空中鸟瞰图上看， 整座村落依偎玄武山山势而建，整体呈现北高南低的局势，背靠青山、面朝江水，地势错落有致、层次分明。村庄周边林木茂密，香樟、松树、乔木，翠竹层层环绕，郁郁葱葱的绿树林带紧密地围护村落，隔绝尘世喧嚣。</p><p> 古代人很重视风水，把护村树林带，视为来龙去脉的守护神。</p><p> 整片所选村居隐匿于绿树环抱之间，轮廓精巧内敛，形似天然燕窝，有 “燕窝福地” 之象。村东南依托滔滔义乌江，铜溪水，江面辽阔，烟波浩渺。村西，村北，坐拥开阔无垠的河谷平原，千顷良田平坦阡陌、得天独厚的陶土资源，茂密的松树林，利于建窑烧陶。自然的地利地貌，构筑成山环水抱、藏风聚气、山水相融的绝佳风水格局。</p><p> 依托温和的气候与肥沃的水土，何店村自古物阜粮丰，生活宽裕，族人恪守耕读传家的千年祖训，日出而耕、日落而息，深耕良田、勤读诗书，在烟火农耕中涵养家风，在笔墨书香中培育后人。 </p><p> 陪同采风的老支书何德丰说，六七十年代，人口出生高峰期，村民们开垦黄土坡地，发现很多古代小古窑，小陶瓷碎片，从上辈人口口相传中得知，制陶技艺早在南北朝时期就有先人在此烧窑制陶，成为婺州古陶瓷发源地之一。到了何继贤子孙后代，何氏人拜师学艺，制陶技，传承核心副业。</p><p> 古时候，村民依山取土、临江设窑，世代烧制各类日用陶器，缸、罐、坛、盆、壶等器物、质地坚实、工艺古朴，实用，轻巧和美感。</p><p> 凭借义乌江得天独厚的水运条件，何店族人在沿江建埠码头搞航运，撑渡口。陶器成为沿江商贸的特色物产，一批又一批何店村民满载着陶器，顺江而下、溯流而上，奔赴沿江各大埠头集市，开铺陶器店，酒店、从事经商贸易。而后，又把本地紧缺的石灰，盐，日用南北货运回，在本地附近集市销售，造就了村落商贾云集的繁荣景象。</p><p> 历经宋、元、明、清至民国的千年积淀，何店村经商人财力充盈、文风昌盛，族人大兴土木、营建宅院宗祠，错落排布，形成规模宏大、格局整齐的古建筑群体。</p><p> 村内留存大量典型的徽式三合院、四合院民居建筑，白墙黛瓦、高墙深院、古韵悠悠，承载着何氏宗族的兴衰荣辱与千年烟火。</p><p> 时至今日，村内保存完好的元明清、民国时期古建筑十六处，其中十处被列为市级文物保护单位，六处因村民居住被降级评为历史建筑。何店村是义乌境内古建筑留存数量最多、形制最完整、年代最久远的古村落之一。</p><p> 村内知名文保古建筑，各有风姿、各藏底蕴，核心建筑熠熠生辉。何店何氏宗祠作为宗族核心建筑，气势恢宏、庄严肃穆，是何氏族人历经140年艰苦创业，子孙接力建成的传世宗祠。它是传承家风、凝聚宗亲的精神圣地。</p><p> 山门堂十四间民居格局方正、庭院幽深，砖木结构历经风雨侵蚀依旧坚固如初，尽显古民居的沉稳与雅致。</p><p> 何店六顺店曾是村内核心商铺，旧时商贾云集、客流不绝，见证了古村百年商贸繁华。</p><p> 街路十八间依古街而建，巷院相连、铺宅相依，完整保留着古时临街商住一体的建筑风貌。</p><p> 端吾公祠规制严谨、雕刻精美，是纪念先祖、传承孝道家风的重要场所。</p><p> 除此之外，何店三房小宗祠，小巧精致、布局雅致，独具宗族小家温情。 </p><p> 元代建筑何桐生民宅，院落清幽、木质构件古朴，留存着旧时大户人家小间长廊通式的生活风貌。</p><p> 何店九间头开间规整、梁柱恢弘，是浙中典型的大户民居格局。</p><p> 山塘沿十八间，宅院广大，白墙青砖黛瓦，木墙板体隔间，古朴而雅致。</p><p> 千年传承的何店龙窑，更是村内独有的工业古建遗址，龙窑依山坡而筑、绵延起伏，全长33，3丈，约97米，加上烧窑灶口，烟冲，百米有余，是浙江省内至今保留最长的龙窑。窑体古朴厚重，还留存着斑驳烟火的痕迹，是何店村落制陶文脉的鲜活历史见证。</p><p> 村内另外八处历史建筑，同样古韵十足、价值深厚，分别为门厅十六间、平望十四间、19 号旧厅、何汝龙民宅、何店朝南厅、下厅、三角门堂十四间。这些古建筑至今仍有村民世代安居、烟火不息，鲜活延续着古村落的人居文脉。</p><p> 这批留存至今的古建筑，是义乌境内现存年代最早、保存最完整的砖木结构古民居群落，大多承袭宋元建筑遗风，兼具明清精工技艺，极具考古价值与美学价值。</p><p> 其中元代、明代古建筑，木构梁架，选材精良、通过水运，从严州等地拉运过来，用料厚重，整体造型古朴简练、大气厚重，没有复杂冗余的装饰。它用简洁的线条、稳固的构架，彰显早期古建筑的雄浑质感，梁柱衔接精妙、榫卯严丝合缝，历经数百年风雨苍桑、依旧坚挺不倒，尽显古木质硬，古代工匠的高超营造技艺。</p><p> 明清至民国时期修建的宗祠厅堂，规制更高、工艺更精，多采用三进五开间的经典格局，前厅迎宾、中厅议事、后厅祭祖，层层递进、主次分明、尊卑有序，尽显宗族礼制的威严。</p><p> 建筑以粗壮木柱承接梁架，脚柱打磨青石莲花状，石质坚实厚重，稳稳撑起整座厅堂，气势恢弘肃穆。檐下斗拱，层层叠叠、错落有序，雕花精工细琢、纹路细腻，花鸟、祥云、瑞兽纹样，栩栩如生；屋顶飞檐翘角凌空舒展、轻盈飘逸，线条优美灵动，融汇着江南古建筑的雅致秀美，与浙中许多地方同时期古建筑风格一脉相承，又独具何店本土特色。</p><p> 古建筑群内，巷弄狭窄悠长、曲径通幽，两侧白墙高耸、黛瓦连绵，墙面历经岁月冲刷，带着斑驳与时光的沧桑。巷间窄道和村中古道，以天然鹅卵石混泥士铺就。</p><p> 漫步行走其间，随处可见悠然闲适的乡村景象：老旧院子木廊之下，休闲老人安然静坐，恬适度日。唯有古村这种独有的安然与静谧、温馨与乡愁，每一寸土地、每一座古宅、每一条小弄小巷，都承载着何店族人的童年记忆与岁月静好。</p><p> 在浙中众多传统古村落中，家庙是不可或缺的精神载体与民俗图腾，是村民心中护佑一方的神圣所在，承载着百姓风调雨顺、五谷丰登、村泰民安、阖家安康的美好祈愿。</p><p> 何店村的卢洲家庙坐落于村西南村口，建造于清朝道光年间。</p><p> 据村民介绍，何继贤在西仓隐名改姓，分家居住时，遭遇火灾，当夜梦见庐州老家的祖先托梦指路，告知西南柯山龙首之地可安家。</p><p> 随着后代宗族务农务工经商致富，，族长会合议，在村西南大路边，建一座家庙，以纪念庐州南迁，先祖庇佑，不忘故土根脉的专祀场所。</p><p> 何店村人历来重视农工商并举，千年制陶经商的底蕴，为现代乡村工业发展埋下了深厚伏笔。上世纪六、七、八十年代，正是全国乡镇企业蓬勃兴起、遍地开花的黄金鼎盛时期，何店村人顺势而上、抢抓机遇，村里创办何宅陶器厂，批量烧制农家所需的水缸、酒坛、瓦罐、陶盆、陶壶，茶壶等各类日用陶器。</p><p> 依托本地盛产粮食、兴办何店酒厂（义乌第三酒厂），就地取材、酿造出的粮食白酒口味纯正、醇香绵长，物美价廉、口碑极佳。陶器厂为酿酒行业提供了充足的储酒陶坛，酒厂又带动了本地粮食种植消化，两大产业相辅相成、互补共生，形成了种养、加工、产销一体的乡村产业链，带动了村集体增收、村民就业的良性发展的路子。</p><p> 进入近二三十年，伴随着义乌小商品市场的飞速崛起与蓬勃发展，1200多户，3000多人的何店村，凭借紧邻市场的区位优势、世代传袭的经商基因，村民顺势转型、最早一批村民奔赴小商品市场摆摊经营、试水商贸，从小百货、日用品、针织辅料、小商品批发做起，诚信经营。创办手套厂，织袜厂，以及其它家庭作坊，小微企业，成了改革开放优先致富的带头人。</p><p> 何店之美，不止于古建筑悠悠、文脉绵长，更在于山水相依、田园如画的自然景观。</p><p> 一条义乌江与铜溪在此交融共生，碧波江水，江岸绿树成荫、风光旖旎的风景带，就让人留恋许久。</p><p> 何店村可利用好古埠头，古渡口，搞几条游船，收点费，来往于对岸的倍磊街集市，游行于半月湾长长的秀丽江面，游客定然会欣然而致。</p><p> 到那时，深埋在地上的金砖，就会慢慢露头，闪闪发亮起金光。</p><p> 闻名遐迩的千年古龙窑、古朴的大量闲置厂房、若象缸窑村那样变为陶器实习区，或改造成乡村民宿。到上海，南京，杭州等大城市旅行社，去招引游客休闲度假几天，或许会客源不断。 </p><p> 庄严的古宗祠、连片古民居、灵秀古家庙之外，村里还散落着十六口大小不一、星罗棋布的天然水塘，它如明镜点点镶嵌在村落之间。</p><p> 这些景点，就能让大城市里的人，成为饶有兴趣的看点。</p><p> 除了吸引中老年人怀旧情感外，吸引幼少儿童娱乐玩，是一个永恒不变的真谛，有小孩玩的地方，那个地方就会有灿烂的笑脸，热闹欢抉的场景。</p><p> 村西大片河谷平原，地势平坦而开阔、土层深厚肥沃，孕育了两千六百多亩优质良田。夏秋季节里，甘蔗连片挺拔、郁郁葱葱，瓜果爬藤、蔬菜繁茂，满目青翠丰盈；秋日里，玉米，蕃芋，红庶，瓜果飘香，这些新鲜食物都是吸引年轻人美食的好风味，都能带动农产品的就地销售。</p><p> 搞一条美食小街，开几家有特色山庄，农家小饭馆，解决了吃的问题，何店的文旅，农旅，旅游产业自然会水到渠成。</p><p> 到那时，我一定再回何店看看，细细品味这里新的古村落韵味。</p><p> 初笔于2026年6月6日</p><p> 定稿于6月8日</p><p class="empty_paragraph"> </p><p class="qf_image big noneditable" contenteditable="false"><img 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